Сейчас много информации проходит по Греции: как будет проходить возможная реструктуризация, какие последствия будет иметь для еврозоны, банковской системы и т.д. Возможно кому-то это окажется полезным, поскольку на следующей неделе эта тема будет в центре внимания (уже в понедельник состоится встреча министров финансов ЕС).

Здесь подборка информации на эту тему на английском языке, кое-где с комментариями на русском.

Руководство Рубини по реструктуризации греческого долга

Информацию об этом дает нам блог Alphaville

Вот ключевые моменты руководства Рубини

The path of Greek public debt is manifestly unsustainable. Fiscal austerity and structural reforms are necessary but will not suffice. In the best-case scenario—incorporating a 10% of GDP fiscal adjustment and structural reforms—Greek public debt to GDP peaks around 160% before “stabilizing.” It is more likely that the debt ratio will exceed 160% and, left untended, will render market access both before and even after 2013 severely limited (or effectively non-existent).

There are multiple approaches to an orderly debt restructuring, with varying degrees of debt relief for the sovereign, additional official financing and systemic risk for the eurozone (EZ). We assume only domestic public debt—95% of the public debt stock—would be restructured.

In our view, the best approach for all stakeholders is akin to a Brady par bond option, an exchange offer in 2011 with potentially significant maturity extension, no face-value reduction and moderately reduced coupons. The public debt would remain very high but would be more sustainable as refinancing risk and the interest bill would be cut. We also suggest variations on this theme that would affect the balance of interests of Greece and private and official creditors.

Credit enhancements—as in the Brady bonds—may or may not be added to act as sweeteners for rating- or capital-constrained creditors like banks, subject to a key caveat: Principal collateral would be expensive, given the large nominal stock of debt and prevailing low interest rates on “risk-free” public debt. It is not yet clear what the source of funding for any substantial principal collateral would be, short of a transfer from other EZ member-states, or more official lending.

Greece’s debt problem is a globally systemic pivot: All stakeholders—Greece, the EZ and indeed all global financial markets—are better served by a pre-emptive and orderly, market-oriented debt exchange rather than sticking with a misbegotten and clearly failing Plan A ... The current approach, Plan A, in effect bails out private creditors who exit early or have short maturities, but exposes continuing creditors, by extension the reputation of the debtor and EZ and global financial stability to three rising risks: Subordination as the debt is transferred to increasingly senior creditors like the IMF, EFSM/EFSF/ESM and ECB; the rising threat of a disorderly outcome as an unsustainable fiscal adjustment, far from enhancing debt payment or carrying capacity, actually undermines it; and the risk of a vicious circle among the PIIGS, the EZ and indeed the whole world, which remains under the gun of renewed contagion when market consensus flips from bailout to get-out mode. Indeed, repeated market experience bears this view out in other cases and in Greece/EZ PIIGS to date.

На рисунке показаны варианты реструктуризации

Базовая идея при выборе между пунктами меню – найти такое «решение», при котором можно было уменьшить долговую нагрузку на Греции без чрезмерного замутнения финансовой системы

The basic idea in choosing between that table menu of options is to find a ‘solution’ to the Greek problem by significantly cutting the Hellenic Republic’s debt burden without excessively roiling the financial system. Remember Greek banks hold plenty of Greek debt, and may be on the hook for CDS payouts, while private investors are notoriously skittish when it comes to burdensharing or subordination.

Roubini’s preferred option — a Brady-esque exchange, or ‘Option 3′ in the above table — would involve exchanging old debt for new bonds with the same face value as the old ones, but with a longer maturity and lower interest rates (no haircuts here, folks). This, he says, could be done through Greece introducing new domestic laws to change the terms of its existing (domestically-issued) debt — something Roubini figures could trigger CDS and would be a very “market-unfriendly” approach. Alternatively, Greece could aim for a voluntary Greek debt restructuring that wouldn’t trigger CDS. There’s a third option involving Greece borrowing collateral from the likes of the IMF or various eurozone bailout programmes to offer credit enhancement to sweeten the exchange deals too.

So Option 3 subdivided into Option 3(a) 3(b) and 3(c).

Intriguingly, there’s also the prospect of a combination of those options 3(a) plus 2, or whatever:

Also, note that Options 3a and 3b—a par bond—are not incompatible with Option 2—a discount bond. As in the Brady plan, there are some investors who mark-to-market (hold the debt in their “trading book”)—usually hedge funds and other alternative asset managers—and there are some investors—banks, pension funds, insurance companies—who don’t mark-to-market as they—at least in principle—hold the debt to maturity and/or in the “banking book”. Thus, as in the Brady plan, offering a menu of options—a discount bond for “mark-to-market” investors and a par bond for “hold-to-maturity” investors—makes sense. One group would prefer a discount bond and the other a par bond. And as is well known, on a [net present value] basis, a properly designed par bond is equivalent to a discount bond.

Другая статья:

Как будет выглядеть жесткая реструктуризация долга Греции в цифрах

The ECB bought a large amount of Greek government bonds through its Securities Market Program. Our colleagues in Euro rates research estimate that the ECB bought around €40bn of Greek government bonds with €50bn of notional value, assuming an average purchase price of 80% to par. But the ECB has an even bigger exposure to Greece through its lending to Greek banks.

Greek banks had borrowed €91bn from the ECB as of the end of February with collateral of €144bn. What does this collateral consist of? $48bn is Greek government bonds held by Greek banks on their balance sheet. €55bn consists of government-guaranteed bonds issued by Greek banks, €25bn of which was only issued at the end of last year for the Greek banks to meet new more punitive collateral requirements by the ECB. €8bn is zero-coupon bonds which the Greek government had lent to Greek banks in 2008. The remaining €33bn is likely to be Greek ABS/covered bond collateral. The Greek government agreed earlier this year to extend state-guarantees to Greek banks by another €30bn, but it appears that this new aid package has not been used by Greek banks. All this analysis suggests that 77% of the collateral that Greek banks posted with the ECB is government or government-guaranteed, which would be directly affected in the hypothetical scenario of a Greek debt restructuring. In addition, the remaining 23% of ABS/covered bank bond collateral would almost certainly be affected in the case of a Greek debt restructuring as the solvency of Greek banks would become an issue.

In total, the notional ECB exposure to Greece amounts to around €50bn + €144bn = €194bn. Against this notional exposure, the ECB has lent/invested €40bn + €91bn = €131bn or 68% of its notional exposure. These calculations imply that in a hypothetical case of a Greek debt restructuring, the ECB is protected for a haircut of up to 32%. Beyond that cushion, the ECB is exposed to losses. A hypothetical haircut of 50% would create losses of around €35bn for the ECB.

The Eurosystem has experienced losses on refinancing operations in the past during the Lehman crisis as 5 banks defaulted on their repo operations. The losses incurred by the Eurosystem are to be shared by all national central banks in proportion to their shares in the ECB’s capital. The Eurosystem has €81bn of capital and reserves currently, enough to withstand even a 50% Greek debt haircut. But it would be a lot more problematic for the ECB if other countries such as Ireland had to restructure. The exposure of the ECB to Ireland is similarly big but likely with a smaller cushion. The total exposure of the ECB to Ireland consists of around €20bn of bond purchases and €83bn of repos with domestic Irish banks. This excludes around €67bn of ELA lending which represents an exposure for the national central bank rather than the Eurosystem as a whole. But if domestic Irish banks had to replace their ELA borrowing with ECB borrowing over the coming months, the total exposure of the ECB to Ireland would rise to €170bn, well above of that of Greece.

Greek banks own €49bn of Greek bonds. Their equity amounts to €29bn. The market value of their equity is €12bn, suggesting that the market is already pricing in a loss of €17bn or 35%. A hypothetical haircut of 50% on Greek government debt would create losses of around €25bn, leaving only €4bn of equity (or 1% of assets) for the Greek banking system. But the losses for Greek banks would be much smaller if a Greek debt restructuring were to take place in mid 2013. The average maturity of their Greek government bond holdings is 5 years and roughly €10bn matures every year. By mid 2013, their Greek government bond holdings will drop to €25bn, i.e. half of their current holdings.

The central Bank of Greece held directly €7bn of Greek government bonds as of the end of February. A hypothetical haircut of 50% on these bond holdings would wipe out its entire capital and reserves of €3bn.

Greek social security and other public entities hold around €30bn notional of Greek government bonds. They have already applied a loss of 30% in these holdings. A hypothetical haircut of 50% would create additional €6bn of losses vs. current financial assets of €31bn.

European banks hold €50bn of Greek government bonds according to Q3 2010 BIS data. Even a 50% hypothetical haircut would be manageable. But it becomes more problematic when ones looks at the total exposure of European banks to Greece, including private sector loans, repos, guarantees and credit commitments. These private sector claims are also likely to suffer in the case of a Greek debt restructuring. According to BIS, European banks’ total exposure to Greece was €165bn at the end of Q3 2010, driven by French banks (€68bn) and German banks (€50bn). The potential losses for European banks would be more threatening if other countries such as Ireland were to restructure. According to BIS, European banks’ total exposure to Ireland (both public and private sector exposure) was €450bn at the end of Q3 2010, driven by British banks (€165bn), German banks (€150bn) and French banks (€57bn).

Неудивительно, что банки так сопротивляются идее списания по бондам.

Притом больше их волнует даже не сам Греция ( с ней и так все ясно), сколько перспектива запуска подобных реструктуризаций в других странах.